Allergy is an inherited condition that causes an exaggerated immune response to substances that are harmless to most animals. In dogs, cats, and horses, the immune mechanisms responsible for allergies function similarly to those in humans. There are five main types of allergies:
- Atopic dermatitis: Hypersensitivity to substances such as pollen, mites, mold, and dander.
- Food allergy: Reaction to specific proteins in the diet, such as chicken.
- Insect and flea allergy: Immune response triggered by the saliva of fleas and other insects.
- Contact allergy: Sensitivity to materials like plastic, linoleum, or paint.
- Drug allergy: Adverse reaction to antibiotics, antiparasitics, and other medications.
The most prevalent allergy: Atopic dermatitis
Atopy is one of the most frequent allergies in dogs. A 2001 study estimated that between 3% and 15% of dogs experience this condition, but recent data from Nationwide suggests the percentage may be even higher. This hereditary allergy causes reactions to pollen from plants (such as grasses, weeds, and trees), fungi, and dust or storage mites. Some breeds, including the Lhasa Apso, Schnauzer, Alsatian, Boxer, Labrador, Golden Retriever, Poodle, and several terrier breeds, are more prone to atopy.
Other Common Allergies
- Flea allergy: A mixed allergic reaction (Type I and Type IV hypersensitivity) triggered by flea saliva.
- Food allergy: Caused by certain food components acting as allergens.
- Contact allergy: Skin reactions due to exposure to materials like carpets, blankets, or shampoos.
Since symptoms of these allergies can appear similar, an accurate diagnosis is crucial to ensure the right treatment approach.
A thorough and systematic clinical history is essential for diagnosing atopic dermatitis. Proper documentation of all findings throughout the examination process helps ensure accuracy. Key aspects to consider include:
- Age: Around 75% of atopic cases show symptoms between 1-3 years of age, though in some cases, signs may appear as early as 6 months. Initial symptoms are often overlooked due to temporary relief from medication, seasonal changes, or environmental shifts.
- Breed: Certain breeds have a higher predisposition to atopic dermatitis, including Lhasa Apsos, Schnauzers, Poodles, Terriers (West Highland White, Cairn, Jack Russell, and Fox Terriers), Dalmatians, German Shepherds, Boxers, and Retrievers (Golden and Labrador).
- Seasonality: Pollen allergies typically start as seasonal but may become year-round with prolonged exposure. Other allergens, such as dust mites and cat dander, can cause persistent symptoms throughout the year.